University of Toronto (UofT) BIO230H1 From Genes to Organisms Midterm Practice Exam

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• Which type of vesicle primarily transports materials from the Golgi complex to various destinations?
• What triggers the start and stop transfer sequences in multipass transmembrane proteins?
• What occurs when an RNA binding protein blocks access to the SD sequence?
• Which two types of regulatory mechanisms does Bacteriophage Lambda use?
• What is the full form of RISC?
• What two interactions can repressor proteins in eukaryotes disrupt to inhibit translation?
• In eukaryotes, what component is gradually shortened during the mRNA degradation process?
• What does vesicle budding involve?
• What does a longer folding time for a protein imply about degradation?
• What happens to aconitase when it binds iron?
• What process is inhibited by PKA synthesis?
• What is DNA looping involved in?
• tmRNA acts as which two types of RNA?
• Which signal is associated with nuclear export of proteins?
• What is the relationship between glucose levels and CAMP?
• What are the three steps of vesicular transport?
• Where does the small ribosomal subunit bind on the mRNA before scanning for the start codon?
• What triggers the transition from prophage to lytic pathway?
• Which enzyme is responsible for shortening the poly-A tail in the mRNA degradation process?
• What is the function of allolactose in the Lac operon mechanism?
• What does RITS stand for?
• What are the two primary functions of vacuoles in plant cells?
• When lactose levels are high, what happens to allolatose?
• What initial step is involved in the nuclear import of cargo proteins?
• What is the role of regulatory proteins in gene transcription?
• True or False: Chromatin adds an additional layer of regulation in eukaryotic gene expression.
• Which specific proteins are essential for transcription in eukaryotes?
• What is the role of the Sxl (sex lethal) protein in female Drosophila?
• Which element of mRNA is primarily recognized by the small ribosomal subunit during initiation?
• What effect do histone acetyltransferases have on histones?
• Which condition would lead to the repressor protein being actively inhibiting gene expression?
• What occurs to the mRNA when RISC is activated?
• What occurs every time bacterial DNA replicates in the prophage pathway?
• What is the role of hsp70 and chaperones in the cytosol?
• What does RNAi do to double-stranded RNA?
• Which of the following is NOT one of the four major ways that activator proteins alter chromatin?
• Which type of proteins assists in proper protein folding?
• What defines the transcriptional regulation of an operon?
• What role does the catabolite activator protein play in the lac operon?
• In the context of the tryptophan operon, what signifies that gene expression is 'ON'?
• In normal splicing, what structure does the ribosome bind to as it emerges from the nuclear pore?
• Which proteins are most likely to be glycosylated?
• What is the primary role of the Activator Domain in activator proteins?
• What is the ultimate result of the lytic pathway in Bacteriophage Lambda?
• What is the primary function of the first gene encoded by the Lac operon?
• What is the role of eIF4E in relation to the 5' cap?
• What do code reader proteins recognize in histone modifications?
• What occurs during transcription attenuation?
• Which protein complex is necessary for the fusion of vesicles with their target membranes?
• What is an essential feature of transcriptional circuits in Bacteriophage Lambda?
• What activates the Lac operon under low glucose conditions?
• How does the lac repressor affect lac operon expression?
• What is the role of transmembrane transport?
• What characteristic distinguishes integral membrane proteins from peripheral ones?
• Which cellular component translates the first 10 codons from the tmRNA?
• What is eIF2B commonly known as?
• Which process is responsible for maintaining the proteome after transcription?
• What type of feedback loop is characterized by a positive impact on gene expression through self-amplification?
• Which mechanism do activator proteins use for indirect activation of transcription?
• What does the repressor protein prevent when bound to DNA?
• Which type of RNA interacts with the target mRNA to inhibit translation?
• Where are gene regulatory elements typically found in relation to prokaryotic genes?
• What activates CAP DNA-binding activity in the context of the Lac operon?
• What role do activator proteins play in positive regulation of the Lac operon?
• Improperly processed mRNAs are degraded in the nucleus by which complex?
• In vesicular transport, what happens during the fusion step?
• What overall process is affected by the Shine-Dalgarno sequence in prokaryotes?
• Which proteins are responsible for initiating the switch between the prophage and lytic pathways?
• Which type of protein helps to alter chromatin structure to enhance transcription?
• What protein initiates the RNAi response?
• Nucleosomes are fundamental components of which cellular structure?
• What type of chromatin modification is associated with increasing promoter activity?
• What challenges do proteins face when being transported to organelles?
• What characteristic describes the structure of the proteasome?
• What is the role of glycosylation in protein folding?
• What role do chaperons and misfolded proteins play in degradation?
• How is the orientation of proteins determined during translocation?
• Which of the following describes a flip-flop feedback loop?
• What type of cells does Bacteriophage Lambda infect?
• What is a key characteristic of a target protein that has a GPI-anchor?
• How do activator proteins enhance transcription directly?
• Which step happens after cargo binding in the nuclear import process?
• What is the main role of transferrin when iron levels are low in the cell?
• Which feature is characteristic of an operon?
• What is released into the cytosol when the stop codon is reached?
• On which cellular structures is protein synthesis initiated?
• Which specific RNA is recruited to the site of incomplete or broken mRNAs to save ribosomes?
• What complex binds to the 5' cap of mature mRNA for export?
• What is a key function of dicer in RNA interference?
• What happens to eIF2B when there is more eIF2 than eIF2B present in the cell?
• What is the function of the ER signal sequence?
• What type of sequence is the TM domain for single-pass membrane proteins?
• What is the function of the nuclear export receptor?
• In relation to gene regulatory proteins, what do they often function as?
• How are soluble proteins sorted to the ER?
• Where do unfolded proteins go after synthesis if they are not folded properly?
• What sequence characterizes proteins for sorting to peroxisomes?
• What is the primary function of RNA capping?
• How are proteins that are sorted to chloroplasts characterized?
• What is a significant role of glycosylation related to protein structure?
• What process describes the movement of proteins through nuclear pore complexes?
• What happens to proteins during synthesis in the cytosol before they fold?
• The proteasome primarily monitors which type of proteins?
• What type of modification can happen to proteins, as indicated in gene regulation mechanisms?
• What is the primary function of the Tra protein in Drosophila?
• Which proteins are involved in the regulation of monomeric GTPases?
• What does RISC do to the ribosome?
• What type of amino acid tag is recognized by protease for degrading a protein?
• What must not remain bound when the ribosome reaches the stop codon during translation?
• Which two amino acids is NLS rich in?
• Which factor is responsible for recruiting tRNA to the small ribosomal subunit in eukaryotes?
• What mechanism do eukaryotic translation repressors utilize to inhibit the process of translation?
• What role does PKA (protein kinase A) play in gene regulation?
• What is the initial binding step of cargo proteins for nuclear export?
• What amino acid is added to the polypeptide by tmRNAs?
• What determines if the lac operon is active or inactive?
• Which mechanism is responsible for the negative regulation of tryptophan expression?
• What is the role of GEF in the process of vesicle formation?
• What is removed by a signal peptidase during protein sorting?
• In the context of post-translational processes, where do folded proteins typically go?
• During translation initiation, what role does GTP play in the formation of the eIF2 complex?
• What is the role of E1 in ubiquitin activation?
• In the regulation of the human interferon gene, which enzyme is attracted by the activator protein?
• When lactose levels are low, what is the state of the lac repressor?
• What are the components that cAMP responsive elements (CRE) can activate?
• Where is the GPI anchor added to the target protein?
• Which type of mRNAs do prokaryotes have quality control for?
• What is the primary role of the proteome within a cell?
• What is one consequence of Cro protein synthesis in the lytic state?
• What are the proteins called that rapidly degrade most mRNA in prokaryotes?
• What role does the signal recognition particle (SRP) play?
• What is the primary function of the endoplasmic reticulum in protein synthesis?
• Which domain of activator proteins recognizes specific DNA sequences?
• Which of the following describes the import of proteins to mitochondria?
• What is recognized by the proteasome during degradation?
• What does NES stand for in the context of cargo proteins?
• Which of the following is NOT involved in vesicle uncoating?
• What is the primary function of microRNAs?
• Which type of proteins associate with the lipid bilayer but do not span the membrane?
• What initiates the recruitment of the small ribosomal complex during translation?
• What type of transport can further sort proteins in the ER?
• How does the binding of tryptophan to the Trp repressor affect gene expression?
• What does NLS stand for in the context of cellular processes?
• What is the primary action of Cro protein in the lytic state?
• What proteins facilitate the docking and tethering of transport vesicles to target membranes?
• What type of RNA structures can regulate the SD mechanism?
• What are the three critical steps proteins must undergo to become functional?
• What aspect of protein expression is controlled in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes?
• What is the consequence of RNAP being bound to the operon promoter?
• What is the function of the oligosaccharyl transferase in the ER?
• Why is glycosylation important for proteins?
• Which statement describes the transcriptome?
• What are exon junction complexes (EJC) responsible for?
• Which of the following statements about eukaryotic gene expression is true?
• What do activator proteins recruit to initiate transcription after chromatin modification?
• What is the main role of riboswitches in gene regulation?
• During protein transport to the ER, which component emerges first?
• Which structure do GPI-anchored proteins end up facing after their synthesis?
• What happens to eukaryotic mRNA without a poly-A tail?
• Which proteins are encoded by the lac operon in E. coli?
• What type of protein is a monomeric GTPase?
• Alternative splicing can be influenced by which types of control?
• During nuclear export of cargo proteins, what promotes GTP hydrolysis in the nucleus?
• What are NPCs primarily composed of?
• Is the statement "GTP hydrolysis causes a conformation change in eIF3" true or false?
• What is the first step in the activation of transcription by the human interferon gene?
• What is the primary function of COPII-coated vesicles?
• Which two substances regulate the Lac operon?
• Which component is responsible for the physical formation of the vesicle coat?
• What type of molecules are affected by eIF2 phosphorylation?
• During transcription, what is maintained in the cell to produce RNA?
• Which of the following is a mechanism by which repressor proteins inhibit transcription?
• What occurs during the prophage pathway of Bacteriophage Lambda?
• During coat assembly and vesicle formation, what is the first step that occurs?
• Where is the Shine-Dalgarno sequence located in prokaryotic cells?
• How does RISC utilize mRNA after processing?
• What does the ribosome form with the translocator during protein synthesis?
• What does the nuclear import receptor bind to in the cytosol to facilitate transport?
• What happens to SNARE complexes after vesicle fusion is complete?
• What is one of the three roles of RNA capping?
• Which factor is recognized by the translation initiation machinery at the 5' cap?
• Which type of membrane protein is anchored to the lipid bilayer by a lipid tail?
• What happens to the signal sequence of precursor proteins once they enter the mitochondrial matrix?
• What element is primarily phosphorylated in the regulation by PKA?
• How does ubiquitin function in protein regulation?
• What characterizes negative regulation in the Lac operon?
• In the context of tmRNA, what role does tmRNA primarily act as?
• What best describes the outcome of the DSX protein function in female Drosophila?
• What happens to Ran-GTP after it aids in cargo release during nuclear export?
• What kind of proteins are associated with the proteasome's active site?
• Which of the following is NOT a function of vacuoles?
• What is the role of Argonaute in relation to RISC?
• What do Hsp70 and Hsp60 primarily interact with in misfolded proteins?
• Which of the following is NOT a feature of riboswitches?
• What describes positive splicing control in gene expression?
• What effect does the lambda repressor protein have in the prophage state?
• Eukaryotic translation repressors primarily bind to which sequence near the initiator codon?
• What is released when cAMP binds to the regulatory subunits of PKA?
• When ribosomes encounter broken or incomplete mRNAs, what do they do?
• How is Drosophila male sex determination characterized?
• What is the function of E3 in ubiquitin modification?
• Eukaryotic gene expression is primarily controlled by which of the following?
• What does E2 do in the ubiquitination process?
• What happens to eIF2 when AUG is recognized during translation initiation?
• What role do protein complexes play in gene regulation?
• What is the function of Rab effectors?
• Where is Ran-GEF primarily located?
• What marks proteins for degradation?
• Clathrin-coated vesicles are primarily responsible for transporting materials between which cellular structures?
• What role do v-SNARE and t-SNARE proteins play in vesicle transport?
• In the stable state of the prophage, what role does the lambda repressor play?
• What is the primary function of feed-forward loops in molecular biology?
• What does the SRP bind to in order to initiate the translocation process?
• What does eIF2 form a complex with to recruit tRNA during translation initiation?
• What type of signal does a precursor protein have for mitochondrial import?
• What are the amino acids that signify the sorting signal for peroxisomes?
• Which complex is essential for marking properly spliced RNA?
• What is the role of Ran-GAP in the cytosol during nuclear transport?
• What is the first action taken by exonucleases in degrading eukaryotic mRNA?
• What method do proteins use to be sorted to the ER?
• What is the main function of kinases in protein modification?
• What does the term 'negative regulation' refer to in the context of gene expression?
• What happens to the mRNA strand after it is handled by RISC?
• During translation, what is displaced by the moving ribosome?
• What is the main function of lysosomes?
• What occurs during tryptophan binding to the repressor?
• What is a characteristic of multipass transmembrane proteins?
• RNA polymerase II transcribes which type of genes?
• Negative splicing control is characterized by which of the following conditions?
• Which protein plays a crucial role in repressing female gene expression in Drosophila?
• Which types of proteins are directed to the ER?
• How does cargo get released inside the nucleus during nuclear import?
• What is the primary function of COPI-coated vesicles?
• How does the presence of excess eIF2 affect translation levels?
• Rab GTPase proteins are important for which aspect of vesicle trafficking?
• In relation to gene expression, what role does cAMP primarily serve?
• Which proteins do siRNAs interact with to regulate translation?
• What codon is involved in abnormal splicing that results in its premature occurrence?
• What are riboswitches primarily recognized for?
• What is a key characteristic of transcriptional regulation in eukaryotes?
• How do glycosylated proteins contribute to cell adhesion?
• What is the primary extracellular molecule involved in PKA activation?
• In which pathways can Bacteriophage Lambda exist?
• What is the impact of RITS on transcriptional regulation?
• What occurs after the empty export receptor returns to the nucleus?
• What organelle is involved in protein synthesis and associates with proteins containing an ER sequence?
• Which process involves the transport of large particles and macromolecules across plasma membranes?
• Which type of feedback loop can create memory in cells?
• What type of DNA binding motif does the Trp repressor contain?
• What is a significant outcome of the positive feedback loop in Drosophila's sex determination?
• What type of RNA does RITS interact with?