University of Toronto (UofT) BIO230H1 From Genes to Organisms Midterm Practice Exam

The two primary functions of vacuoles in plant cells include storage and protein degradation. Vacuoles play a critical role in storing various substances, including nutrients, ions, and waste products, which is essential for maintaining homeostasis within the cell. Furthermore, they are involved in the breakdown and recycling of cellular components through processes like autophagy, where damaged proteins and organelles are degraded. This function is vital for cellular health and efficiency, allowing the plant cell to manage its internal environment effectively.

While the other options mention processes important for cell function, they do not align with the primary roles of vacuoles. For instance, protein synthesis is typically handled by ribosomes and other organelles rather than relying on vacuoles for direct involvement in that specific process. Similarly, while vacuoles participate in waste removal indirectly through storage and degradation, they do not encompass signaling as a primary function.